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Conclusions
Results from quantitative analysis of the broader sample of athletes and sports in
the questionnaire survey confirmed most of the inferences drawn from qualitative
analysis of the interview transcripts. The following conclusions may be drawn from an
integration of the interview and questionnaire survey findings:
1. Mental readiness is an extremely important factor influencing an athlete's
performance. In fact, of the three major readiness factors rated by the
athletes-mental, physical, technical-mental readiness provided the only
statistically significant link with final Olympic ranking.
2. A large percentage of Olympic athletes did not perform to potential at the
Olympic Games because they were not prepared well enough for the distractions
they faced.
3. Mental readying is derived from a number of learned mental skills that must
be continually practiced and refined for an athlete to perform to potential and on
a consistent basis.
4. Attentional focus and the quality and control of performance imagery were
the most important statistically significant athlete skills directly related to high
level performance at the Olympic Games.
5. The following common elements of success were operational for the
best athletes (i.e., Olympic medalists and world champions) in virtually all sports: (a)
total commitment to pursuing excellence, (b) quality training that included
setting daily goals and engaging in regular competition simulation and imagery
training, and (c) quality mental preparation for competition, which included a
refined competition plan, a competition focus plan, an ongoing postcompetition
evaluation procedure, and a plan for dealing with distractions.
6. The three major performance blocks that interfered with high level
performance at the Olympic Games were (a) changing patterns that work, (b) late
selection, and (c) an inability to refocus in the face of distractions.
7. Coaches could play a more meaningful role in helping athletes with their
mental readiness for major events.
This study gives a clear indication of the mental components of excellence that are
necessary for performing to potential at high profile events such as the Olympic
Games. It pinpoints the mental skills that need to be developed and refined for
consistent high level performance. It also clearly illustrates the tremendous body of
knowledge that can be tapped by an in-depth examination of a nation's best athletes. We
encourage those interested in helping athletes nurture these specific skills to read additional
athletes' accounts about their mental readying (Orlick, 1986; Orlick & Partington,
1986), and to be guided by athletes' and coaches' prescriptions for effective
consulting (Orlick & Partington, 1987; Partington & Orlick, 1987a, 1987b).
References
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